dirt dirt go away

Hey peoples,when guy all bath did you all using soap???

or when your mum washing plates,cloths or floor did she use detergent??

obviously yes right??

do you know haw to process the soap??

let me tell you all by now...

i have done some research from web,i found out the process of soap making...LOL

What is saponification??actually saponification also know as soap making, saponification is the reverse of esterification..

Saponification is usually used to refer to the reaction of a base with a fot or oil to form a soap. Saponifiable substances are those that can be converted into soap.
Sodium hydroxide is a caustic base. If sodium hydroxide is used a hard soap is formed, whereas when potassium hydroxide is used, a soft soap is formed. Vegetable oils and animal fats are fatty esters in the form of triglycerides. The alkali breaks the ester bond and releases the fatty acid salt and glycerol. If necessary, soaps may be precipitated by salting it out with saturated sodium chloride. The saponification value is the amount of base required to saponify a fat sample.
In a laboratory procedure the triglyceride trimyristin is obtained by extracting nutmeg with diethyl ether.Saponification to the sodium salt of myristic acid takes place with NaOH in water. The acid itself can be obtained by adding dilute hydrochloric acid.

example of Ester

Oil and fats + NaOH--> Soap + Glycerol

Glycerol also has the systematic name which is 1,2,3-propanetriol. It is a very important by-product from the soap making industries. Glycerol also used for making cosmeties like lipstick and moisturisers as it has excellent moisturising properties.

Now let me teach you all the step of preparation of soap:
1. 20mL of a 20% weight per volume NaOH solution is mixed with 5mL of any oil.

2. 10mL ethanol is added to aid in the mixing of the reactants.

3. the mixture is boiled using a hot plate on water bath for 30 minutes.

4. water is added periodicaaly to maintain a constant volume.

5. a curd of soap forms on top of the mixture.

6. 5g of solid salt NaCl is added and boiled for a few more minutes.

7. the salt precipitates the soap which floats on top oh the solution as a solid.

8. filter,wash and test the soap.

soap and detergent acts as an emulsifier breaking oil and grease into tiny droplets which can mix with water.grease and oil are non-polar hydrocarbons,however water is polar and so it will not dissolve this non-polar grease or oil.

what is surfactants???

surfactants are lower the surface tension of waterby disrupting hydrogen bonds between water molecules and thus increases its ability to wet a surface.

water does not wet grease very well
water with surfactants like soap or detergents spread out over the grease and wetting it.

soap have a long non-polar rail and a polar anionic head.The non-polar tail is hydrophobic meaning that it is hates water. whereas the polar head is hydrophilic which is like water.

when surfactants are added to water, they do not spread evenly in water,instead they clumo togather as shown.When the surfactants clump togather and stay suspended in water the negative heads point outwards and interact with water molecules by ion-dipole interaction.

the non-polar tail enters into the non-polar grease or oil which means dirt leaving the polar head in the water. the tail dissolve in the grease dirt and the heads dissolve in water drawing water onto the dirt and fabric. as the water is swirled around,it pulls the grease out of the cloth.soap,water and grease togather form an emulsion with the soap acting as an emulsifier,suspending the normally incompatible grease in the water.

differences between soaps and detergents:

-formation

formation of soap is by animal fats and vegetable oils which come from renewable resources

detergent is make by hydrocarbons which come from the petrochemical industry,it is non renewable resources.

-structure

soaps are ionic on polar head with a long,non-polar hydrocarbon tail. soap are anionic.

detergents have same structure to soap ionic head and non polar tail,but detergent can be anionic,cationic or non-ionic.
-manufacture

soaps are manufacture by saponification,heating fats or oils whic are esters with NaOH or KOH,then precipitate with NaCl

one example of detergent is propene from petrochemical industry polymerises into polyprope,it also adding of a benzene ring.detergent also reacting with H2SO4 and also reacting with NaOH to form sodium sulfate.

-reaction with hard water

soap do not lather well in hard water,soaps will form scum with calcium and magnesium this will cause the clothes dull and grey

detergent will lather in hard water,detergents do not precipitate mineral salt in hard water.

-biodegradability

soaps are biodegradeble

detergents are biodegradable if hydrocarbon chain is straignt,while non-biodegradable if is branched chain.

-phosphates

soaps do not contain phosphates

detergents may be mixed with phosphates which pollute the enciroment

Soap and detergent reli helpfull enough,use it everyday to keep ur stuff clean always and delicate frangrance..LOL